|
C. D. Motchenbacher, J. A. Connelly, "Low-Noise Electronic System Design" |
|
 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA, 1993 |
Preface (XIII) |
| Acknowledgments (XVII) | |
| Introduction (1) | |
| PART I. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS | |
| 1. Fundamental Noise Mechanisms (5) | |
| 1.1. Noise Definition (5) | |
| 1.2. Noise Properties (6) | |
| 1.3. Thermal Noise (8) | |
| 1.4. Noise Bandwidth (11) | |
| 1.5. Thermal Noise Equivalent Circuits (17) | |
| 1.6. Addition of Noise Voltages (18) | |
| 1.7. Correlation (21) | |
| 1.8. Noise Circuit Analysis (22) | |
| 1.9. Excess Noise (25) | |
| 1.10. Low-Frequency Noise (25) | |
| 1.11. Shot Noise (27) | |
| 1.12. Capacitance Shunting of Thermal Noise: kT/C Noise (30) | |
| Summary (32) | |
| Problems (32) | |
| References (37) | |
| 2. Amplifier Noise Model (38) | |
| 2.1. The Noise Voltage and Current Model (38) | |
| 2.2. Equivalent Input Noise (39) | |
| 2.3. Measurement of En and In (41) | |
| 2.4. Input Noise Examples (42) | |
| 2.5. Noise Figure (NF) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) (44) | |
| 2.6. Optimum Source Resistance (45) | |
| 2.7. Noise Resistance and Noise Temperature (46) | |
| 2.8. Noise in Cascaded Networks (47) | |
| Summary (48) | |
| Problems (49) | |
| References (52) | |
| 3. Noise in Feedback Amplifiers (53) | |
| 3.1. Noise and Some Basic Feedback Principles (53) | |
| 3.2. Amplifier Noise Model for Differential Inputs (55) | |
| 3.3. Inverting Negative Feedback (63) | |
| 3.4. Noninverting Negative Feedback (65) | |
| 3.5. Positive Feedback (67) | |
| Summary (69) | |
| Problems (70) | |
| References (75) | |
| PART II. NOISE MODELING | |
| 4. Cad for Noise Analysis (79) | |
| 4.1. History of SPICE (81) | |
| 4.2. SPICE Capabilities (81) | |
| 4.3. SPICE Description (81) | |
| 4.4. Amplifier Noise Sources (83) | |
| 4.5. Modeling 1/f Noise (86) | |
| 4.6. Modeling Excess Noise (88) | |
| 4.7. Random Noise Generator (95) | |
| 4.8. Finding Noise Bandwidth Using PSpice (98) | |
| 4.9. Integrating Noise over a Frequency Bandwidth (101) | |
| 4.10. Model Reduction Techniques (103) | |
| Summary (104) | |
| Problems (104) | |
| References (107) | |
| 5. Noise in Bipolar Transistors (109) | |
| 5.1. Hybrid-π Model (109) | |
| 5.2. Noise Model (112) | |
| 5.3. Equivalent Input Noise (114) | |
| 5.4. Noise Voltage and Noise Current Model (116) | |
| 5.5. Limiting Case for Midband Noise (119) | |
| 5.6. Minimizing the Noise Factor (120) | |
| 5.7. 1/f Noise Region (122) | |
| 5.8. Noise Variation with Operating Point (123) | |
| 5.9. Burst or Popcorn Noise (126) | |
| 5.10. Popcorn Noise Measurement (129) | |
| 5.11. Reliability and Noise (132) | |
| 5.12. Avalanche Breakdown and Noise (133) | |
| Summary (136) | |
| Problems (137) | |
| References (139) | |
| 6. Noise in Field Effect Transistors (140) | |
| 6.1. FET Noise Mechanisms (141) | |
| 6.2. Noise in MOSFEs (146) | |
| 6.3. Noise in JFETs (152) | |
| 6.4. Noise in GaAs FETs (154) | |
| 6.5. Measuring FET Noise (164) | |
| Summary (168) | |
| Problems (168) | |
| References (170) | |
| 7. System Noise Modeling (172) | |
| 7.1. Noise Modeling (172) | |
| 7.2. A General Noise Model (173) | |
| 7.3. Effect of Parallel Load Resistance (175) | |
| 7.4. Effect of Shunt Capacitance (177) | |
| 7.5. Noise of a Resonant Circuit (178) | |
| 7.6. PSpice Example (179) | |
| Summary (181) | |
| Problems (182) | |
| Reference (183) | |
| 8. Sensors (184) | |
| 8.1. Voltaic Sensor (185) | |
| 8.2. Biased Resistive Sensor (186) | |
| 8.3. Optoelectronic Detector (188) | |
| 8.4. RLC Sensor Model (194) | |
| 8.5. Piezoelectric Transducer (196) | |
| 8.6. Transformer Model (198) | |
| Summary (202) | |
| Problems (203) | |
| References (204) | |
| PART III. DESIGNING FOR LOW NOISE | |
| 9. Low-Noise Design Methodology (207) | |
| 9.1. Circuit Design (207) | |
| 9.2. Design Procedure (208) | |
| 9.3. Selection of an Active Device (210) | |
| 9.4. Designing with Feedback (212) | |
| 9.5. Bandwidth and Source Requirements (213) | |
| 9.6. Equivalent Input Noise (214) | |
| 9.7. Transformer Coupling (217) | |
| 9.8. Design Examples (218) | |
| Summary (221) | |
| Problems (221) | |
| 10. Amplifier Design (223) | |
| 10.1. Transistor Configurations (224) | |
| 10.2. Common-Emitter Stage (225) | |
| 10.3. Single-Supply Common-Emitter Stage (227) | |
| 10.4. Noise in Cascaded Stages (231) | |
| 10.5. Common-Source-Common-Emitter Pair (232) | |
| 10.6. Common-Collector-Common-Emitter Pair (234) | |
| 10.7. Common-Emitter-Common-Base Pair (236) | |
| 10.8. Integrated BJT Cascode Amplifier (237) | |
| 10.9. Differential Amplifier (239) | |
| 10.10. Parallel Amplifier Stages (245) | |
| 10.11. IC Amplifiers (246) | |
| Summary (248) | |
| Problems (249) | |
| References (251) | |
| 11. Noise Analysis of D/A and A/D Converters (252) | |
| 11.1. Resistor Networks for D/A Converters (253) | |
| 11.2. Noise Analysis of D/A Converter Circuits (255) | |
| 11.3. D/A SPICE Simulations (261) | |
| 11.4. Noise in a Flash A/D Converter (269) | |
| 11.5. A/D SPICE Simulations (272) | |
| 11.6. Converting Analog Noise to Bit Errors (275) | |
| 11.7. Bit Error Analysis of the Flash Converter (279) | |
| 11.8. A/D/A Noise Analysis (282) | |
| Summary (283) | |
| Problems (283) | |
| References (284) | |
| PART IV. LOW-NOISE DESIGN APPLICATIONS | |
| 12. Noise in Passive Components (289) | |
| 12.1. Resistor Noise (289) | |
| 12.2. Noise in Capacitors (296) | |
| 12.3. Noise of Reference and regulator Diodes (297) | |
| 12.4. Batteries (299) | |
| 12.5. Noise Effects of Coupling Transformers (299) | |
| Summary (304) | |
| Problems (304) | |
| References (305) | |
| 13. Power Supplies and Voltage References (306) | |
| 13.1. Transformer Common-Mode Coupling (306) | |
| 13.2. Power Supply Noise Filtering (308) | |
| 13.3. Capacity Multiplier Filter (309) | |
| 13.4. Noise Clipper (310) | |
| 13.5. Regulated Power Supplies (310) | |
| 13.6. Integrated Circuit Voltage Reference (312) | |
| 13.7. Bandgap Voltage Reference (324) | |
| Summary (327) | |
| Problems (328) | |
| References (329) | |
| 14. Low-Noise Amplifier Design Examples (330) | |
| 14.1. Cascade Amplifier (330) | |
| 14.2. Cascode Amplifier (332) | |
| 14.3. General-Purpose Laboratory Amplifier (333) | |
| 14.4. IC Amplifier with Discrete Input Stages (334) | |
| 14.5. Direct-Coupled Single-Ended Amplifier (335) | |
| 14.6. ac-Coupled Single-Ended Amplifier (336) | |
| Summary (337) | |
| References (337) | |
| 15. Noise Measurement (339) | |
| 15.1. Two Methods for Noise Measurement (339) | |
| 15.2. Sine Wave Method (340) | |
| 15.3. Noise Measurement Equipment (346) | |
| 15.4. Noise Generator Method (356) | |
| 15.5. Comparison of Methods (361) | |
| 15.6. Effect of Measuring Time on Accuracy (361) | |
| 15.7. Bandwidth Errors in Spot Noise Measurements (362) | |
| 15.8. Noise Bandwidth (364) | |
| Summary (365) | |
| Problems (366) | |
| References (367) | |
| Appendix A. Measured Noise Characteristics of Integrated Amplifiers (368) | |
| Appendix B. Measured Noise Characteristics of Field Effect Transistors (377) | |
| Appendix C. Measured Noise Characteristics of Bipolar Junction Transistors (385) | |
| Appendix D. Random Number Generator Program (400) | |
| Appendix E. Answers to Selected Problems (406) | |
| Appendix F. symbol Definitions (411) | |
| Index (417) | |
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